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But the greatest philanthropy and the one that fixed for many years
the pattern of library service and branches in the United States was
that of Andrew Carnegie. Carnegie had decided to promote libraries
as a result of his admiration for Colonel James Anderson, who had
given a library to Allegheny County in 1850, as well as for Enoch Pratt,
who gave not only money for libraries but his own continued interest.21
Carnegie gave approximately 1,900 library buildings to the United
States and Canada alone between 1897 and 1917. These included many
branches. For example, he offered sixty-five branches to New York City
at a cost of $5,200,000, thirty to Philadelphia, three to East Orange,
eight to Pittsburgh, and ten to Cleveland among others.
Even more significant than the gift itself, however, was the stimula-
tion it provided toward public support of libraries due to Carnegie’s
insistence that any community receiving a building must not only fur-
nish a site but must also agree to provide an annual maintenance fund
of at least 10% the amount of the gift.
In the contract signed between the Carnegie Corporation and the
interested municipality, minimum support to be given was indicated.
They also suggested minimum standards. The best library opinion was
garnered in devising these guidelines, and architects vied with each
other in designing suitable library buildings. The result was a regu-
larization or standardization of the pattern of branch and library service
with regard to hours, privileges, etc., which nothing else could have
accomplished. A typical specification may be seen in the following
quotation from a Carnegie contract with the New York Public Li-
brary: 23
It is further agreed that the said several branch libraries which may
be constructed pursuant to the provisions of said act, and each of them,
shall be accessible at all reasonable hours and times, free of expense,
to the persons resorting thereto, subject only to such reasonable control
and regulation as the party of the second part, its successor or succes-
sors, from time to time may exercise and establish for general conven-
ience; provided, further, that the lending, delivery and one or more
reading rooms in each of said library buildings shall be open and ac-
cessible to the public upon every day of the week except Sunday, but
including all legal holidays, from at least nine o’clock A.M, to at least
nine o’clock P.M., under such rules and regulations as the said party
of the second part shall prescribe from time to time, and on Sundays
such parts of any of such libraries may be opened in such manner and
during such hours as may be from time to time agreed upon between
the said Board of Estimate and Apportionment and said The New York
Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.