Bibliography

[Jesus]

Since this is an on-going listing, as I continue to catalog my personal library (as well as adding in suggestions from Archive members), I will post new additions in BLUE text, and convert them to black only after they have been up for a month. I will also list the dates of my most recent additions and the number of items added each time. My most recent additions were made:

February 24, 2013 (64 additions)

I have been gradually working through the information sources that I have found and have been typing up a proper bibliographic listing of them. Now that my listing has passed 200 items, I have decided to post it here on the Archive. It is divided into sections which I can easily edit as I add more materials. I will also add brief annotations of a few of the items as I continue my work.

If you know of items that I have missed, please send me a <Private Message> with the information and I will add it into the alphabetical listing in the proper section.

The four initial sections of the Bibliography will be

Castration and Eunuchs (divided into short sections to allow space for additions)
Eunuchs in Fiction
Eunuchs in Film (Not just the quick presence of a eunuch or castration scene, but a eunuch as a major character. This is likely to be a rather short section unless others chime in. I watch very little film or TV.)
Castration-related publications (e.g., adrogen deprivation as treatment for prostate cancer, genital alterations other than castration or penectomy, etc.)

Most of the items posted on this bibliography are from my personal collection and now represent about three-quarters of what I have on my shelf. I will gradually catalog and list the rest of them. I will also add items that I do not own that have been suggested by other Archive members.

I have now included 2 items suggested by: Paolo


.

[Jesus]

Castration and Eunuchs
A – F

Abusch, Ra’anan. (2003). Circumcision and Castration under Roman Law in the Early Empire. The Covenant of Circumcision: New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite. E. W. Mark (ed). Hanover, NH, Brandeis University Press: 75-86.

Abusch, Ra’anan. (2002). Eunuchs and Gender Transformation: Philo's Exegesis of the Joseph Narrative. Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond. S. Tougher (ed). Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales: 103-122.

Ancillon, Charles. (1718). Eunuchism Display’d: describing all the different sorts of eunuchs. Anonymous translation by Robert Samber of Traité des euniques, originally published in 1707. London: Printed for E. Curll.
Available on-line: www.archive.org/details/eunuchismdisplay00anci

Full title: Eunuchism display'd : describing all the different sorts of eunuchs ; the esteem they have met with in the world, and how they came to be made so ; wherein principally is examin'd, whether they are capable of marriage, and if they ought to be suffer'd to enter into that state ; the whole confirm'd by the authority of civil, canon, and common law, and illustrated with many remarkable cases by way of precedent ; also a comparison between Signior Nicolini and the three celebrated eunuchs now at Rome, viz. Pasqualini, Pauluccio, and Jeronimo (or Momo) ; with several observations on modern eunuchs ; occasion'd by a young lady's falling in love with Nicolini, who sung in the opera at the Hay-market, and to whom she had like to have been married

Anderson, Mary M. (1990). Hidden Power: The Palace Eunuchs of Imperial China. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.

Asher-Greve, Julia M. (2002). Decisive Sex, Essential Gender. Sex and Gender in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 47th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Helsinki, July 2-6, 2001. S. Parpola and R. M. Whiting (eds). Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. 1: 11-26.

Asiaweek (1982). "Troubled Twilight World." Asiaweek: 24-30.

Aucoin, Michael W. and Richard J. Wassersug (2006). The Sexuality and Social Performance of Androgen-Deprived (Castrated) Men Throughout History: Implications for Modern Day Cancer Patients. Social Science & Medicine 63: 3162-3173.

Ayalon, David. (1985). On the term “Khādim” in the sense of “eunuch” in the early Muslim sources. Arabica 32 (3): 289-308.

Ayalon, David. (1988). On the Eunuchs in Islam. In his Outsiders in the Lands of Islam: Mamluks, Mongols and Eunuchs. London: Variorum Reprints: 67-124.

Ayalon, David. (1999). Eunuchs, Caliphs and Sultans: A Study in Power Relationships. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, The Hebrew University.

Bailey, J. Michael & Greenberg, Aaron S. (n.d.). The science and ethics of castration: Lessons from the Morse Case. 35 pp. typed manuscript.

Barbier, Patrick. (1996). The World of the Castrati: The History of an Extraordinary Operatic Phenomenon. London: Souvenir Press.

Bardel, R. (2002). Eunuchizing Agamemnon: Clytemnestra, Agamemnon and Maschalismos. Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond. S. Tougher (ed). Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales: 51-70.

Behrend-Martinez, Edward. (2005). Manhood and the Neutered Body in Early Modern Spain. Journal of Social History 38(4): 1073-1093.

Berry, Helen. (2011). The Castrato and His Wife. Oxford University Press, xiv,312 pp.
A biography of Giusto Ferdinando Tenducci. Includes the legal deposition of Tomasso Massi, assistant to the surgeon who castrated Tenducci, describing the surgery.

Berry, Helen (2012). Queering the history of marriage: The social recognition of a castrato husband in Eighteenth-Century Britain. History Workshop Journal. 30 pp. manuscript.

Berry, Helen. (2013). Gender, Sexuality and the Consumption of Musical Culture in Eighteenth-Century London. IN: Steve Hindle, et al. (eds.), Remaking English Society: Social Relations and Social Change in Early Modern England. Woodbridge & Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer, 35 ms. pages.

Beswick, Stephanie. (2004). The Ethnicity of Bondage in the Valley of the Upper Nile: Slavery and the Slave Trade through the Eyes of the Possessed. Race and Ethnicity in the Nile Valley, Ed. by Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban & Kharyssa Rhodes. Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press, pp. 115 – 134.

“… one researcher in Khartoum in 1989 noted two Southern slave boys, one of which had been castrated and the other branded with his owner’s cattle brand.”

Blasengame, Bart. (2006). Why Would a Healthy, Normal Man Want to Slice off His Testicles? Details (March 2006): 124-128.

Bleys, Rudi. (1995). Race, Sex and the Semiotics of Genitalia (c. 1810 - c. 1870). In his The Geography of Perversion: Male-to-Male Sexual Behavior Outside the West and the Ethnographic Imagination, 1750-1918. New York: Washington Square Press: 110-144.

Borgeaud, Phillippe. (2004). Mother of the Gods: From Cybele to the Virgin Mary. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Bowler, Ann Martin. (2006). Adventures of the Treasure Fleet: China Discovers the World. Illustrations by L.K. Tay-Audouard. Rutland, VT: Tuttle Publishing.

An illustrated children’s book of the life and voyages of Zheng He. Absolutely no hint that Zheng He was a eunuch. He is even pictured with a beard! The closest it comes is on the first page:
The admiral’s beginnings were humble. When Zheng He was only ten his father was killed in a rebellion in southwestern China and Zheng He was taken prisoner. This bright, tough boy soon had an unusual stroke of luck–he became the servant of Prince Zhu Di.
Zheng He’s father was a government official of a rival state that was defeated by the Chinese. The family was Muslim and the father had made the pilgrimage to Mecca. Many of the boys of the defeated Muslim state were made eunuchs at the time of conquest.

Bremer, Johan. (1959). Asexualization: A Follow-up Study of 244 cases. New York: Macmillan.

Brett, Michelle., L., et al. (2007). Eunuchs in Contemporary Society: Expectations, Consequences and Adjustments to Castration. Journal of Sexual Medicine 4: 946-955.

Brown, George R. (2010). Autocastration and autopenectomy as surgical self-treatment in incarcerated persons with gender identity disorder. International Journal of Transgenderism, 12 (1): 31-39.

Brown, Seth. A. (2009). Personality and non-suicidal deliberate self-harm: Trait differences among a non-clinical population. Psychiatry Research 169: 28-32.

Bullough, Vern. L. (2002). Eunuchs in History and Society. Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond. S. Tougher (ed). Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales: 1-18.

Callaghan, Dympna. (1996). The Castator's Song: Female Impersonation on the Early Modern Stage. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 26(2): 321-354.

Caner, Daniel. F. (1997). The Practice and Prohibition of Self-Castration in Early Christianity. Vigiliae Christianae 51(4): 396-415.

Catalano, Maria C. & Carroll, Kathleen M.. (2002). Repetitive Male Genital Self-Mutilation: A Case Report and Discussion of Possible Risk Factors. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 28: 27-37.

Cauldwell, D. O. (1947). Effects of Castration on Men and Women: Accidental, Voluntary and Involuntary Castration; Eunuchism and History - Medical Treatment and Aspects. Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius Publications.

Chakravorty, Bhaswati. (2007). Rights for the third gender: Problems of identity and recognition. IN: The Phobic and the Erotic: The Politics of Sexualities in Contemporary India, ed. by Brinda Bose and Subhabrata Bhattacharyya. Calcutta: Seagull Books, pp. 369-390.

Chatterjee, Indrani. (1999). Between Male and Female: Androgynous Anti-kin. In her Gender, Slavery and Law in Colonial India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press: 44-57.

Cheney, Victor. T. (1995). A Brief History of Castration. Edison, NJ: USCCCN International.

Clapton, Nicholas. (2006). Handel & the Castrati: The Story Behind the 18th Century Superstar Singers (29 March - 1 October 2006). London: Handel House Museum.

Cohen, Lawrence. (1995). The Pleasures of Castration: The Postoperative Status of Hijras, Jankhas and Academics. Sexual Nature, Sexual Culture. P. R. Abramson and S. D. Pinkerton (eds). Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 276-304.

Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T. & Friedemann Pfäfflin. (2010). The DSM Diagnostic Criteria for Gender Identity Disorder in Adolescents and Adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol. 39, pp. 499-513.

Cooke, Bradley M. & Woolley, Catherine S. (2008). Effects of Prepubertal Gonadectomy on a Male-Typical Behavior and Excitatory Synaptic Transmiison in the Amygdala. Developmental Neurobiology. 12 pp. DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20688

Corona, Giovanni, et al. (2012). Androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer: Focusing on sexual side effects. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 31 pp. ms. DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02590.x

Coser, Lewis A. (1964). The Political Functions of Eunuchism. American Sociological Review, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 880-885.

Crawford, Robert B. (1961). Eunuch power in the Ming Dynasty. T’oung Pao, Second Series 49 (3): 115-148.

Cushman, Mitchell A., Phillips, JoAnne L., & Wassersug, Richard J. (2010). The language of emasculation: Implications for cancer patients. International Journal of Men’s Health 9: 3-25.

Croutier, Alev Lytle. (1989). Harem: The World Behind the Veil. New York: Abbeville Press.

Dalal, J. S., et al. (2004). Conversion to Hijra (Eunuch): Is It Need Based or a Crime. Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine 24(4): 153-156.

Dale, Joshua Paul (2006). Intact or Cut? Castration and the Phallus in the New Gender Politics. Japanese Journal of American Studies, no. 17, pp. 223-244.

Davenport, John. (1875). Curiositates Eroticae Physiologiae; or, Tabooed Subjects Freely Treated. In Six Essays. London: Privately Printed.

Essay 6 is Eunuchism – pp. 104-153.

Defoe, Daniel (attributed). (1700). Reasons Humbly offer’d For a Law to enact the Castration of Popish Ecclesiastics, As the best way to prevent the Growth of Popery in England. London: A.Baldwin [26 page pamphlet]

Deller, Karlheinz. (1996). The Assyrian eunuchs and their predecessors. Second Colloquium on the Ancient Near East - The City and its Life, Mitaka, Japan. Watanabe, Kazuko (ed). Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter. 303-311.

DeMarco, Laura E. (2002). The fact of the castrato and the myth of the countertenor. The Musical Quarterly 86: 174-185.

Dembo, Adolfo and José Imbelloni (1938). Castración. In their Deformaciones Intencionales del Cuerpo Humano de Carácter Étnico. Buenos Aires: J. Anesi: 223-225.

Deshotels, Tina H. and Craig. J. Forsyth (2007). Postmodern Masculinities and the Eunuch. Deviant Behavior 28: 201-218.

Dettenhofer, Maria H. (2009). Eunuchs, Women, and Imperial Courts. Rome and China: Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires. W. Scheidel (ed). Oxford, Oxford University Press: 83-99.

Devereaux, George (1982). Anxieties of the castrator. Ethos, vol. 10 (3): 279-297.

Diner, Helen. (1938). Angels & Eunuchs. Emperors, Angels, & Eunuchs: The Thousand Years of the Byzantine Empire. London: Chatto & Windus: 62-72.

Dreyer, Edward L. (2007). Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433. New York: Pearson Longman.

Edwardes, Allen. (1959). Eunuchism: Honor in Dishonor. In his The Jewel in the Lotus: A Historical Survey of the Sexual Culture of the East. New York: Julian Press: 179-198.

Eke, N. (2000). Genital self-mutilation: There is no method in this madness. BJU International, 85: 295-298

El-Azhari, Taef Kamal (2013). Gender and history in the Fatimid state: The case of eunuchs, 909-1171. Online International Journal of Arts and Humanities, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 9-21.

El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria. (2004). Homo Byzantinus: Criticism of Character and Practice. Harvard Middle Eastern Monographs 36: 120-137

El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria. (2005). Servants at the Gate: Eunuchs at the Court of al-Muqtadir. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 48, pt. 2, pp. 234-252.

Elliott, Susan. (2003). The Galli: The Mother's Slaves. Cutting Too Close for Comfort: In her Paul's Letter to the Galatians in its Anatolian Cultic Context. London: T&T Clark International: 159-229.

Eng, Jacqueline T., Zhang Quanchao, & Zhu Hong (2010). Skeletal effects of castration on two eunuchs of Ming China. Anthropological Science, vol. 118, no. 2, pp. 107-116.

Engelstein, Laura (1997). From Heresy to Harm: Self-Castrators in the Civic Discourse of Late Tsarist Russia. IN: Empire and Society: New Approaches to Russian History, Proceedings of the July 1994 Inernational Symposium at the SRC. Edited by T. Hara & K. Matsuzato. Sapporo, Japan: Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, pp. 1-21.

Engelstein, Laura. (1999). Castration and the Heavenly Kingdom: A Russian Folktale. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Erlich, Michel. (1991). Les mutilations sexuelles. (que sais-je?, No. 2581). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Fauber, L. H. (1990). Narses: Hammer of the Goths: The Life and Times of Narses the Eunuch. Gloucester: Alan Sutton.

Feldman, Marc D. (1988). The Challenge of Self-Mutilation: A Review. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 29 (3): 252-269.

Feldman, Martha (2009). Strange Births and Surprising Kin: The Castrato’s Tale. IN: Italy’s Eighteenth Century: Gender and Culture in the Age of the Grand Tour, Ed. By Paula Findlen, Wendy Wassyny Roworth, and Catherine M. Sama. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 175–202.

Ferroul, Yves. (1997). Abelard's Blissful Castration. Becoming Male in the Middle Ages. J. J. Cohen and B. Wheeler. New York: Garland Publishing: 129-150.

Finucci, Valeria. (2003). The Masquerade of Manhood: The Paradox of the Castrato. The Manly Masquerade: Masculinity, Paternity, and Castration in the Italian Renaissance. Durham, NC: Duke University Press: 225-280.

Fisch, Robert Z. (1987). Genital Self-Mutilation in Males: Psychodynamic Anatomy of a Psychosis. American Journal of Psychotherapy 41(3): 453-458.

Fisher, Allan G. B. and Humphrey J. Fisher (1971). Slavery and Muslim Society in Africa: The Institution in Saharan and Sudanic Africa and the Trans-Saharan Trade. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company.

Fisher, Humphrey J. (2001). Eunuchs. Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa. Washington Square, NY: New York University Press: 280-294.

Flood, Everett. (1899). Notes on the castration of idiot children. American Journal of Psychology, vol. 10, pp. 296-301.

A report on the effects of castration on 26 inmates of the Michigan Home for the Feeble-Minded and Epileptic. All were castrated because of “chronic masturbation.” Half of those castrated were under 14 at the time. Twenty-four suffered from epilepsy, only two were institutionalized for low intelligence.

Frandsen, Mary E. (2005). Eunuchi Conjugium: The marriage of a castrato in early modern Germany. Early Music History, 24: 33-124.

Fritz, Hans. (1994). Kastratengesang: hormonelle, konstitutionelle und pädagogische Aspecte. Tutzing: Verlegt bei Hans Schneider.

Freitas, Roger. (2003). The Eroticism of Emasculation: Confronting the Baroque Body of the Castrato. Journal of Musicology 20: 196-249.

Freitas, Roger (2009). Sex Without Sex: An Erotic Image of the Castrato Singer. IN: Italy’s Eighteenth Century: Gender and Culture in the Age of the Grand Tour, Ed. By Paula Findlen, Wendy Wassyny Roworth, and Catherine M. Sama. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 203–215.

Freitas, Roger. (2009). Portrait of a Castrato: Politics, Patronage, and Music in the Life of Atto Melani. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 431 pp.

Furman, Robert H., et al. (1958). A comparison of the serum lipids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, urinary 17-Ketosteroids, and gonadotropins in eunuchs and control male subjects. Circulation, vol. 17: 1076-1085.


.

[Jesus]

Castration and Eunuchs
G – J

Gaul, Niels. (2002). Eunuchs in the Late Byzantine Empire, c. 1250–1400. Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond. S. Tougher (ed). Swansea, The Classical Press of Wales: 199-220.

Gerbino, Giuseppe. (2004). The quest for the soprano voice: Castrati in sixteenth-century Italy. Studi musicali, 32 (2): 303-357.

Glass, J. M. and N. A. Watkin (1997). From Mutilation to Medication: The History of Orchidectomy. British Journal of Urology 80: 373-378.

Gleeson, M.J. & Grainger, R. (1993). Self-castration as Treatment for Alopecia. British Journal of Urology, vol. 71, pp. 614-615.

Goldin, Paul Rakita. (2002). The Culture of Sex in Ancient China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.

Gray, Ross. (2004). No longer a man: Using ethnographic fiction to represent life history research. Auto/Biography, 2004: 44-61.

Grayson, A. Kirk. (1995). Eunuchs in power: Their role in the Assyrian bureacracy. Vom Alten Orient Zum Alten Testament: Festschrift für Wolfram Freiherrn von Sodern zum 85. Geburtstag am 19.Juni 1993. M. Dietrich and O. Loretz (eds), Verlag Butzon & Bercker Kevelaer: 85-98.

Grimm, David. (2009). A Cure for Euthanasia? Science 325: 1490-1493.

On the veterinary use of chemical castration

Guilland, R. (1943). Eunuchs in the Byzantine Empire: A Study in Byzantine Titulature and Prosopography. Études Byzantines 1: 197-238.

Guyot, V. P. (1980). Eunuchen als Sklaven und Freigelassene in der griechisch-römischen Antike. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.

Hage, J. Joris. and Refaat B. Karim (2000). Ought GIDNOS Get Nought? Treatment Options for Nontranssexual Gender Dysphoria. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 105(3): 1222-1227.

Hales, Shelley. (2002). Looking for Eunuchs: The Galli and Attis in Roman Art. Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond. S. Tougher (ed). Swansea, The Classical Press of Wales: 87-102.

Haleem, S., Griffin, S.J., & Banerjee, G.K. (2007). Self-castration: a case report. Grand Rounds, vol. 7, pp. 9-12.

Halpern, Ashlea. (2006). Battle of the Sexless; The Plight of the Modern-Day Eunuchs, and Why They Come to Philadelphia. City Paper (April 6, 2006). Philadelphia.

Hambly, Gavin (1974). A note on the trade in eunuchs in Mughal Bengal. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 94 (1): 125-130.

Hamilton, James B. & Mestler, Gordon E. (1969). Mortality and Survival: Comparison of Eunuchs with Intact Men and Women in a Mentally Retarded Population. Journal of Gerontology 24(4): 395-411.

Harper, Kyle (2011a) Mastery and the Making of Honor. Chapter 8 in HIS Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275-425. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 329-348.

Harper, Kyle (2011b) After the fall: Roman slavery and the end of antiquity. Conclusion in HIS Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275-425. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 497-509.

Harrison, Karen. (2010). Legal aspects of surgical castration. Sexual-Offender-Treatment.org. Online Issues – 2-2010.

Hassard, John & Porter, Robin (1990). Cutting Down the Workforce: Eunuchs and Early Administrative Management. Organization Studies, 11 (4): 17-37.

Hathaway, Jane. (1997). The Qazdaghs and the Chief Black Eunuch. In her The Politics of Households in Ottoman Egypt: The Rise of the Qazdaghs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 139-164.

Hathaway, Jane. (2005). Beshir Agha: Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman Imperial Harem. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.

Hatzinger, Martin, et al. (2012). Castrati Singers – All for Fame. Journal of Sexual Medicine, vol. 9, pp. 2233-2237.

Hawkins, J. D. (2002). Eunuchs among the Hittites. Sex and Gender in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 47th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Helsinki, July 2-6, 2001. S. Parpola and R. M. Whiting (eds). Helsinki, The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. 1: 217-233.

Heller, Wendy. (2005). Varieties of masculinity: Trajectories of the castrato from the seventeenth century. British Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 28: 307-321.

Herdt, Gilbert, Ed. (1996). Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. New York, Zone Books.

Heriot, Angus (1956). The Castrati in Opera. London: Secker & Warburg.

Herrin, Judith. (2007). Eunuchs. In her Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press: 160-169.

Hester, J. David. (2006?). Eunuchs and the Postgender Jesus: Matthew 19:12 and Transgressive Sexualities, Interfakultäres Zentrum für Ethik in den Wissenschaften, Tübingen: 33 pp.

Hester, J. David. (2006?). Queers on Account of the Kingdom of Heaven: Rhetorical Constructions of the Eunuch Body, Interfakultäres Zentrum für Ethik in den Wissenschaften, Tübingen: 18 pp.

Hogendorn, Jan. S. (1999). The Hideous Trade: Economic Aspect of the 'Manufacture' and Sale of Eunuchs. Paideuma 45: 137-160.

Hogendorn, Jan. S. (2000). The Location of the "Manufacture" of Eunuchs. Slave Elites in the Middle East and AFrica: A Comparative Study. T. Miura and J. E. Philips (eds). London: Kegan Paul International: 41-68.

Holman, Susan R. (2008). On Phoenix and Eunuchs: Sources for Meletius the Monk’s anatomy of gender. Journal of Early Christian Studies, 16 (1): 79-101.

Hopkins, Keith. (1978). The Political Power of Eunuchs. In his Conquerors and Slaves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 172-196.

Hossain, Adnan. (2010). They swing between both sexes: Hijras as “asexual others.” Research and Discussion Paper, 13 ms. pp.

Houts, Frederick W., et al. (2011). Androgen Deprivation Treatment of Sexual Behavior. IN: Sexual Dysfunction: Beyond the Brain-Body Connection, ed. by R. Balon. Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 31, pp. 149-163.

Humana, Charles (pseud.). (1973). The Keeper of the Bed: The Story of the Eunuch. London: Arlington Books.

Hunwick, John and Powell, Eve Trout (2002). Eunuchs and Concubines (various pages). In their The African Diaspora in the Mediterranean Lands of Islam. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers.

Irvine, M. (1997). Abelard and (Re)writing the Male Body: Castration, Identity, and Remasculinization. Becoming Male in the Middle Ages. J. J. Cohen and B. Wheeler (eds). New York: Garland Publishing: 87-106.

Ishikawa, Takeshi. (1995). Hijura: Indo Daisan no Sei (Hijra: India's Third Sex). Tokyo: Seiyusha.

Jaffrey, Zia. (1996). The Invisibles: A Tale of the Eunuchs of India (semi-journalistic). London: Phoenix.

Jay, Jennifer W. (1993). Another side of Chinese eunuch History: Castration, Marriage, Adoption, and Burial. Canadian Journal of History, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 459-478.

Most interesting for its analysis of eunuch “families” that can be traced through multiple generations. For example, Yang Zhilian, a eunuch in the late Tang Dynasty, adopted a young eunuch as his son. That son then adopted two young eunuchs and an intact boy (who seems to have dropped out of the records). Each of those eunuch sons then adopted another young eunuch, each of whom then adopted three intact boys – ending the line of eunuchs in the Yang family. Another example: Cao Shen (d. ca 193 BC) castrated his young son Cao Jie, who became a court eunuch under the Han Dynasty. Cao Jie adopted a young eunuch, who then, in turn adopted an intact boy. The intact boy’s son, Cao Cao, became regent to the Han emperor Xiandi and Cao Cao’s son overthrew the Han Dynasty and founded the short-lived Wei Dynasty (also known in history as the Cao Dynasty).

al-Jahiz. (9th century). Some observations on EUNUCHS, from his Book on Animals. 11 typescript pp.

Jay, Jennifer (1995). The eunuchs and Sinicization in the non-Han. Paper presented at the Asian Studies on the Pacific Coast Conference, Forest Grove, Oregon.

Jay, Jennifer W. (1999). Castration and Medical Images of Eunuchs in Traditional China. Current Perspectives in the History of Science in East Asia. Y. S. Kim and F. Bray (eds). Seoul: Seoul National University Press: 385-394.

Jia, Yinghua. (2008). The Last Eunuch of China: The Life of Sun Yaoting. Sun Haichen (trans). Beijing: China Intercontinental Press.

Johnson, Thomas W., et al. (2007). Eunuchs in Contemporary Society: Characterizing Men Who Are Voluntarily Castrated. Journal of Sexual Medicine 4: 930-945.

Johnson, Thomas W. & Wassersug, Richard J. (2010). Gender identity disorder outside the binary: When Gender Identity Disorder–Not Otherwise Specified is not good enough. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39: 597-598.

Johnson, Thomas W. (2013). Castrati Singers – All for Fame: A Commentary. Journal of Sexual Medicine, vol. 10, pp. 618-619.

Jonckheere, Frans. (1954). Eunuchs in Pharonic Egypt. Revue d'Histoire des Sciences 7(2): 139-155.



.

[Jesus]

Castration and Eunuchs
K – N

Kadish, Gerald E. (1969). Eunuchs in Ancient Egypt. Studies in Honor of John A. Wilson. Studies in Ancient Civilization, No. 35. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago: 55-62.

King, Michael (1989). Tchakat Moriori, Chapter 1 in his Moriori: A people Rediscovered. Aukland, NZ: Penguin Books, pp. 17-37.

Brief mention (page 26) of the castration of young boys as a form of birth control.

Krimmer, Elisabeth (2005). “Eviva il Coltello”? The castrato singer in eighteenth-century German literature and culture. PMLA, vol. 120 (5): 1543-1559.

Kuefler, Matthew S. (1996). Castration and Eunuchism in the Middle Ages. Handbook of Medieval Sexuality. V. L. Bullough and J. A. Brundage (eds). New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.: 279-306.

Kuefler, Matthew S. (2001). The Manly Eunuch: Masculinity, Gender Ambiguity, and Christian Ideology in Late Antiquity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Kuefler, Matthew S. (2003). The Practice of Self-Castration in Early Christianity. Pacific School of Religion, Berkeley, CA (unpubl. ms.).

König, Jacqueline. (1999). De antieke Genezer als Castrator: De Betrokkenheid van Medici bij Castratiepraktijken in de Grieks-Romeinse Oudheid. Gewina 22: 119-135.

Kutchner, Norman A. (2010). Unspoken collusions: The empowerment of Yuanming yuan Eunuchs in the Qianlong Period. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 70 (2), pp. 449-495.

La Fond, John Q. (2005). Should Sex Offenders be Castrated? Preventing Sexual Violence: How Society Should Cope with Sex Offenders. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association: 167-200.

Lad, Jateen. (2010). Panoptic Bodies: Black Eunuchs as Guardians of the Topkapi Harem. IN: Marilyn Booth (ed.), Harem Histories: Envisioning Places and Living Spaces. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 136-176.

Lal, K.S. (1994). Muslim Slave System in Medieval India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. Chapters 9 (Ghilmans and Eunuchs, pp. 105-118), 10 (Slave Trade, pp. 119-138), & Bibliography (pp. 178-188).

Lascaratos, John & Anthanasios Kostkopoulos (1997). Operations on Hermaphrodites and Castration in Byzantine Times (324-1453 AD). Urologia Internationalis 58: 232-235.

Legman, Gershon. (1975). Castration. IN HIS: Rationale of the Dirty Joke: An Analysis of the Dirty Joke. Second Series, chapter 13, pp. 420-671. Vol. 1: New York: Grove Press, 1968, 811 pp. Vol. 2: New York: Breaking Point, Inc, 1975, 992 pp.

Lerner, Judith A. (2006). The Seal of a Eunuch in the Sasanian Court (With a Note on the Legend by Prods Oktor Skjærvø). Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaelogy, vol. 1, pp. 113-118.

Lieberman, Tucker. (2009). Secret Wounds, Magic Words: Eunuchs in the Bible. whosoever 14: n.p. http://whosoever.org/v14i1/eunuch.shtml

Lightfoot, J. L. (2002). Sacred Eunuchism in the Cult of the Syrian Goddess. Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond. S. Tougher (ed). Swansea, The Classical Press of Wales: 71-86.

Lindholm, Charles. (1996). Slaves, Eunuchs, and Blacks. In his The Islamic Middle East: An Historical Anthropology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers: 213-227.

Linsky, Mark. (1989). The Most Critical Option: Sex Offenses and Castration in San Diego, 1938-1975. Journal of San Diego History 35(4).

Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd. (2002). Eunuchs and the Royal Harem in Achaemenid Persia. Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond. S. Tougher (ed). Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales: 19-50.

Loewe, Michael. (2005). On the Terms bao zi, yin gong, yin guan, huan, and shou: Was Zhao Gao a Eunuch? T’oung Pao, vol. 91, Issue 4/5, pp. 301-319.

Long, Jacqueline. (1996). Claudian's In Eutropium: Or, How, When, and Why to Slander a Eunuch. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

Maekawa, Kazuya. (1979). Animal and human castration in Sumer, Part I. Zinbun (The Research Institute for Humanistic Studies, Kyoto University) 15: 95-140.

Maekawa, Kazuya. (1980). Animal and human castration in Sumer, Part II: Human castration in the Ur III period. Zinbun (The Research Institute for Humanistic Studies, Kyoto University) 16: 1-56.

Maekawa, Kazuya. (1980). Female Weavers and Their Children in Lagash - Presargonic and Ur III. Acta Sumerologica 2: 81-125.

Maekawa, Kazuya. (1982). Animal and human castration in Sumer, part III: More texts of Ur III Lagash on the term amar-KUD. Zinbun (The Research Institute for Humanistic Studies, Kyoto University) 18: 95-121.

Magee, Reginald. (1999). Deriving Opera from Operation. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Surgery 69 (9): 672-674.

Mango, Cyril. (1986). St. Michael and Attis. Delton: Tes Christianikes Archaiologikes Hetaireias series 4, vol. 12: 39-62.

Marmon, Shaun. (1995). Eunuchs and Sacred Boundaries in Islamic Society. New York: Oxford University Press.

Martin, Tina and Wagner F. Gattaz (1991). Psychiatric Aspects of Male Genital Self-Mutilation. Psychopathology 24: 170-178.

Matignon, Jean-Jacques. (1900). Les eunuques du Palais impérial de Pékin. In his Superstition, Crime et Misère en Chine. Lyon: A. Storck & Cie: 231-273.

Mattelaer, Johan J. (2004). From Ornamentation to Mutilation: Genital Decorations and Cultural Operations in the Male. Arnhem, The Netherlands: The Historical Committee of the European Association of Urology. 240 pp.

Essentially a large format art book with scholarly text and a lengthy bibliography. Castration takes up pages 154 through 222.

McCaffrey, Kathleen. (2002). Reconsidering Gender Ambiguity in Mesopotamia: Is a Beard Just a Beard? Sex and Gender in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 47th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Helsinki, July 2-6, 2001. S. Parpola and R. M. Whiting (eds). Helsinki; The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. 2: 379-391.

McCullaugh, E.F. & J.F. Renshaw (1934). The effects of castration in the adult male. Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 103, no. 15, pp. 1140-1143.

Meshach, Shad. (2009). On Becoming a Eunuch: My Story of Sexual Addiction and How I Overcame It. Denver, CO, Outskirts Press.

Millant, Richard. (1908). Les Eunuques à Travers les Âges. Paris: Vigot Fréres.

Mitamura, Taisuke. (1970). Chinese Eunuchs: The Structure of Intimate Politics. Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle Company.

Mohile, Supriya, et al. (2009). Management of Complications of Androgen Deprivation Therapy in the Older Man. Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology, 70: 235-255.

A recent, and excellent, summary of the physiological consequences of lack of testosterone in males who have been castrated.

Money, John. (1993). Sexual Perfection Is to Be a Eunuch: The Skoptic Syndrome. In his The Adam Principle: Genes, Genitals, Hormones, & Gender: Selected Readings in Sexology. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books: 341-353.

Monro, Surya. (2005). Beyond Male and Female: Poststructuralism and the Spectrum of Gender. International Journal of Transgenderism 58(1): 3-22.

Montagu, F. Ashley. (1946). Ritual Mutilation Among Primitive Peoples. Ciba Symposia 8(7): 421-436.

Montgomery,Phyllis & Santi, Gina (1996). The influence of bilateral orchiectomy on self-concept: a pilot study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 24, pp. 1249-1256.

Moran, Neil. (2002). Byzantine Castrati. Plainsong and Medieval Music 11(2): 99-112.

Moore, William Thomas (1975). The Impact of Surgery on Boys. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, vol. 30, pp. 529-548.

The impact of surgery for testicular torsion on an 8 year-old, his brother and his friends. Confusion of the surgery with castration.

Moxnes, Halvor. (2003). Leaving Male Space: Eunuchs in the Jesus Movement. In his Putting Jesus in His Place: A Radical Vision of Household and Kingdom. Louisville, KY, Westminster John Knox Press: 72-90.

Mullett, Margaret. (2002). Theophylact of Ochrid's In Defence of Eunuchs. Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond. S. Tougher (ed). Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales: 177-198.

Munn, Mark. (2006). The Mother of the Gods and the Practices of Lydian Tyranny. In his The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press: 131-177.

Murphy, Sean Eisen. (2004). The letter of the law: Abelard, Moses, and the problem with being a eunuch. Journal of Medieval History, 30: 161-185.

Nakaya, Makoto. (1996). On Background Factors of Male Genital Self-Mutilation. Psychopathology 29: 242-248.

Nanda, Serena. (1996). Hijras: An Alternative Sex and Gender Role in India. Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. G. Herdt (ed). New York, Zone Books: 373-418.

Nanda, Serena. (1999). Neither Man nor Woman: The Hijras of India. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Nasr, Ahmad A. (2001). Eunuchs in Islamic Society: A review of Eunuchs and Sacred Boundaries in Islamic Society by Shaun Marmon. Sudanic Africa 12: 170-175.

Includes that Nasr had, himself, interviewed the eunuchs of the Tomb of the Prophet in Mecca in 2001. He reports that the youngest had been “recruited” in 1984.

.

[Jesus]

Castration and Eunuchs
O – R

Ochoa, Bernardo. (1997). Emasculation in Children. Pediatrics 100 (3): 548-549.

A quick survey of seven children, ages 7 and younger, treated at a hospital in Medellin, Colombia for traumatic loss of external genitals. One died before treatment, one, under 2 years of age, was reassigned as female. The one reassigned as female, at age 14, “demanded being again reassigned to the masculine sex. This has resulted in an extensive lawsuit to the University Hospital and to the Faculty involved in this patient’s care.”

Pabis, Roman M., et al. (1981). Autocastration as a Counterphobic Focal Suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 11(1): 3-9.

Patwarhan, Sujata, et al. (2007). Chronic urinary retention in eunuchs. Indian Journal of Urology: 317-318.

Peschel, Enid Rhodes and Richard E. Peschel (1987). Medical Insights into the Castrati in Opera." American Scientist 75: 578-583.

Pfaefflin, Friedemann. (2010). The surgical castration of detained sex offenders amounts to degrading treatment. Sexual-Offender-Treatment.org. Online Issues – 2-2010.

Philips, John Edward. (2000). The Persistence of Slave Officials in the Sokoto Caliphate. Slave Elites in the Middle East and Africa: A Comparative Study. T. Miura and J. E. Philips (eds). London: Kegan Paul International: 215-234.

Pittard, Eugène. (1934). La castration chez l'homme. Recherches sur les adeptes d'une secte d'eunuques mystiques, les Skoptzy. Archives suisses d'Anthropologie générale 6 (3-4): 213-535.

Pleasants, Henry. (1966). The Castrati. HiFi/Stereo Review(July): 36-41.

Premand, Natacha F. and Ariel Eytan (2005). A Case of Non-Psychotic Autocastraton: The Importance of Cultural Factors. Psychiatry 68(2): 174-178.

Preston, Laurence W. (1987). A Right to Exist: Eunuchs and the State in Nineteenth-Century India. Modern Asian Studies, 21 (2): 371-387

Propp, William H.C. (2013). The Eunuch Steward: A Trans-Asiatic Tale of Seduction and Castration. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies. Preprint 15 pp. DOI: 10.1002/aps.1344

Proschan, Frank. (2002). Eunuch Mandarins, Soldats Mamzelles, Effeminate Boys, and Graceless Women: French Colonial Constructions of Vietnamese Genders. GLQ 8(4): 435-467.

Rapaport, Ionel. (1948?). Introduction a la Psychopathologie Collective: La Secte mystiques des Skoptzy. Paris: L. Rodstein.

Reade, J.E. (1972). The Neo-Assyrian court and army: Evidence from the sculptures. Iraq 34 (2): 87-112.

There are many excellent illustrations in this article, several of them of court or military eunuchs. The text notes that many of the archers and some of the cavalrymen in Sennacherib’s feared Assyrian army were eunuchs and that many of the eunuchs shown in court scenes with Asshurbanipal are dressed as Assyrian, rather than as foreigners, indicating that they were probably recruited locally, rather than from among the conquered peoples.

Reade, Julian. (2002). Sexism and Homotheism in Ancient Iraq. Sex and Gender in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 47th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Helsinki, July 2-6, 2001. S. Parpola and R. M. Whiting (eds). Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. 2: 551-568.

Reddy, Gayatri. (2005). With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Reddy, Gayatri. (2007). Sexual differences and their discontents: Shifting contexts of ‘thirdness’ in Hyderabad. IN: The Phobic and the Erotic: The Politics of Sexualities in Contemporary India, ed. by Brinda Bose and Subhabrata Bhattacharyya. Calcutta: Seagull Books, pp. 301-322.

Remondino, P. C. (1891). History of Circumcision from the Earliest Times to the Present, With a History of Eunuchism, Hermaphrodism, etc. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, Publisher.

Rice, Marnie E. & Harris, Grant T., (2011). Is Androgen Deprivation Therapy Effective in the Treatment of Sex Offenders? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, vol. 17, pp. 315-332.

Ringrose, Kathryn M. (1996). Eunuchs as Cultural Mediators. Byzantinische Forschungen: Internationale Zeitschrift für Byzantinistik 23: 75-93.

Ringrose, Kathryn M. (1996). Living in the Shadows: Eunuchs and Gender in Byzantium. Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. G. Herdt (ed). New York: Zone Books: 85-110.

Ringrose, Kathryn M. (2003). The Perfect Servant: Eunuchs and the Social Construction of gender in Byzantium. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Ringrose, Kathryn M. (2003). Reconfiguring the Prophet Daniel: Gender, Sanctity, and Castration in Byzantium. IN: Gender and Difference in the Middle Ages, ed. By Sharon Farmer & Carol Braun Pasternack. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 73-106.

Ringrose, Kathryn M. (2007). Eunuchs in Historical Perspective. History Compass, 5 (2): 495-506

Roberts, Lesley F., et al. (2008). A Passion for Castration: Characterizing Men Who are Fascinated with Castration, but Have Not Been Castrated. Journal of Sexual Medicine 5: 1669-1680.

Roberts, Laura W., et al. (1998). Psychiatric Evaluation of a "Monk" Requesting Castration: A Patient's Fable, With Morals. American Journal of Psychiatry 155: 415-420.

Roll, Lindsey. (2007). Angels We Have Heard on High: The Making of the Castrati in 17th and 18th Century Italy. http://www.radix.net/~dalila/singers...to-angels.html

Roller, Lynne E. (1999). The Myth of Cybele and Attis. In her In Search of God the Mother: The Cult of Anatolian Cybele. Berkeley: University of California Press: 237-259.

Roller, Lynne E. (1999). The Roman Magna Mater. In her In Search of God the Mother: The Cult of Anatolian Cybele. Berkeley: University of California Press: 263-343.

Roselli, John. (1988). The Castrati as a Professional Group and a Social Phenomenon, 1550–1850. Acta Musicologica 60 (2): 143-179.

Rowson, Everett K. (2008). The Traffic in Boys: Slavery and Homoerotic Liaisons in Elite ‘Abbāsid Society. Middle Eastern Literatures, vol. 11, issue 2, pp. 193-204.

Some discussion of the purchase of young eunuchs for sexual purposes by the Moslem elite. Al-Jāhiz, the 9th century author of a book on the care and treatment of slaves, wrote that one advantage of the purchase of young boys and eunuchs, rather than girls, was that there was no need to wait to learn if they are pregnant before using them sexually.

.

[Jesus]

Castration and Eunuchs
S – U

Sanders, Douglas. (2008). Third sex identities and transgender rights: Policies in Asia and the West. Paper prepared for the South Asia LGBTI Partnership Building Workshop, Kathmandu, Nepal, September 3–4, 2008.

Sato, Kentaro. (2000). Slave Elites and the Saqaliba in al-Andalus in the Umayyad Period. Slave Elites in the Middle East and Africa: A Comparative Study. T. Miura and J. E. Philips (eds). London: Kegan Paul International: 25-40.

Sawkins, Lionel. (1987). For and against the order of nature: Who sang the soprano? Early Music, 15 (3): 315-324.

Scherrer, Kristin S. (2008). Coming to an Asexual Identity: Negotiating Identity, Negotiating Desire. Sexualities, 11 (5): 621-641

Schneider, Stanley F., et al. (1965). Self-Castration by a Man with Cyclic Changes in Sexuality. Psychosomatic Medicine 28(1): 53-70.

Scholz, Piotr. O. (2001). Eunuchs and Castrati: A Cultural History. Princeton, NJ: Marcus Wiener Publishers.

Scott, Charles L. and Trent Holmberg (2003). Castration of Sex Offenders: Prisoners' Rights Versus Public Safety. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 31: 502-509.

Segal, Ronald. (2001). Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Shahinian, Vahakn, et al. (2006). Determinants of Androgen Deprivation Therapy Use for Prostate Cancer: Role of the Urologist. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 98: 839-845.

This is the source of the figure of over 80,000 men with prostate cancer castrated each year by Medicare funding alone.

Sherr, Richard. (1980). Gugliemo Gonzaga and the castrati. Renaissance Quarterly, 33 (1): 33-56.

Sidéris, Georges. (2002). 'Eunuchs of Light': Power, Imperial Ceremonial and Positive Representations of Eunuchs in Byzantium (4th - 12th Centuries). Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond. S. Tougher (ed). Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales: 161-176.

Skoogh, J; Steineck, G; Cavallin-Stähl, E; Wilderäng, U. Häkansson, U.K; Johansson, B; & Stierner, U (2010). Feelings of loss and uneasiness or shame after removal of a testicle by orchidectomy: a population-based long-term follow-up of testicular cancer survivors. International Journal of Andrology, Vol. 33, pp. 1-10.

Sloothaak, Mike. (2003). Eunuchs, Castration, and Orientalism, Purdue University (American Studies Dept.): Unpublished ms. 21 pp.

Somerset-Ward, Richard. (2004). Angels & Monsters: Male and Female Sopranos in the Story of Opera, 1600-1900. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Spencer, Robert F. (1946). The Cultural Aspects of Eunuchism. Ciba Symposia 8 (7): 406-420.

St. Peter, Matthew, et al. (2012). Self-castration by a transsexual woman: Financial and psychological costs: A case report. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 4 pp. ms. DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02621.x

Stent, G. Carter. (1877). Chinese Eunuchs. Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, n.s., no. 11.

Stevenson, Walter. (1995). The Rise of Eunuchs in Greco-Roman Antiquity. Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (4): 495-511.

Stevenson, Walter. (2002). Eunuchs and Early Christianity. Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond. S. Tougher (ed). Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales: 123-142.

Stewart, David Tabb. (2011). Sexual Disabilities in the Hebrew Bible. IN: Candida R. Moss & Jeremy Schipper (eds.), Disability Studies and Biblical Literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 67-87.
Discusses Adam as created androgynous – male only separated from female later. This belief was central to the Skoptzy desire for castration – return to the state of purity before the “original sin” – p. 79

Stirn, Aglaja; Thiel, Aylin; & Oddo Silvia (eds.). 2009. Body Integrity Identity Disorder: Psychological, Neurobiological, Ethical and Legal Aspects. Lengerich, Germany: Pabst Science Publishers, 249 pp.

Papers from an academic conference on the subject. Excellent data and analyses.

Sudarshan, C. Y., et al. (2006). Genital self-mutilation in erectile disorder. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 48 (1): 64-65.

Sullivan, Nikki (2005). Integrity, Mayhem, and the Question of Self-demand Amputation. Continuum: Journal of Media & Culture Studies, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 325-333.

Tadmor, Hayim. (2002). The Role of the Chief Eunuch and the Place of Eunuchs in the Assyrian Empire. Sex and Gender in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 47th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Helsinki, July 2-6, 2001. S. Parpola and R. M. Whiting (eds). Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. 2: 603-611.

Talbott, Rick. (2006). Imagining the Matthean Eunuch Community: Kyriarchy on the Chopping Block. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 22 (1): 21-43.

Tanner, Jerald & Tanner, Sandra (1997). Mormon Blood Atonement: Fact or Fantasy? Salt Lake City Messenger, Issue No. 92 (April, 1997).

Taylor, Gary. (2000). Castration: An Abbreviated History of Western Manhood. New York: Routledge.

Terao, Yoshio (1985). Kangan Monogatari: Otoko wo Ushinatta Otokotachi (The Eunuch Story: Men Who Want to Become Not Men). Tokyo: Tôhô Shoten.

Thomson-Smith, Lydia D. (2010). Body Integrity Identity Disorder: The need for physical impairment. Mauritius: Fastbook Publishing, 84 pp.
[quote]Panned by Kristoff as a useless book, but one of the few available on the subject, no matter how bad.quote]

Toledano, Ehud R. (1984). The imperial eunuchs of Istanbul: From Africa to the heard of Islam. Middle Eastern Studies 20 (3): 379-390.

Toledano, Ehud R. (1998). The African Eunuchs in the Nineteenth Century. In his Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle East. Seattle, University of Washington Press: 41-53.

Tougher, Shaun. (2008). The eunuch in Byzantine history and society. London: Routledge.

Tougher, Shaun (ed). (2002). Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond. Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales.

Tougher, Shaun F. (1997). Byzantine Eunuchs: An Overview, With Special Reference to Their Creation and Origin. Women, Men and Eunuchs: Gender in Byzantium. L. James (ed). London: Routledge: 168-184.

Tougher, Shaun F. (1997). The Emperor's Men: Eunuchs and Strategoi. In his The Reign of Leo VI (886-912): Politics and People. Leiden: Brill: 194-218.

Tougher, Shaun F. (2002). In or Out? Origins of Court Eunuchs. Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond. S. F. Tougher (ed). Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales: 143-160.

Tougher, Shaun F. (2004). Holy Eunuchs! Masculinity and Eunuch Saints in Byzantium. Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages. P. H. Cullum and K. J. Lewis (eds). Cardiff: University of Wales Press: 93-108.

Tougher, Shaun. (2004). Social transformation, gender transformation? The court eunuch, 300–900. IN: Gender in the Early Medieval World: East and west, 300–900, ed. By Leslie Brubaker & Julia M.H. Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70-82.

Trường Sơn & Minh Hiẻn. (2002) Lê Van Duyệt: với vùng đát Nam bộ. Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam: Nha Xuat ban Tre, 288 pages.

In Vietnamese. A biography of the most important eunuch in Vietnamese history, published as a government document. Le Van Duyet (1764-1831) was the general who secured the southern part of Vietnam for the Nguyen Dynasty. Eunuchs were a part of the imperial court until the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945. The French installed the former Emperor Dao Dai as “Chief of State” in the part of Vietnam that they controlled during the civil war, where he reigned until 1956. I can find no report of eunuchs in his court after 1945, but I expect that there were some.

Tsai, Shih-shan Henry. (1996). The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty. Albany: NY, State University of New York Press.

Tsai, Shih-shan Henry. (2002). Eunuch Power in Imperial China. Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond. S. Tougher (ed). Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales: 221-234.


.

[Jesus]

Castration and Eunuchs
V – Z

Vale, Kayla, et al. (2013). Religiosity, Childhood Abuse, and Other Risk Factors Correlated with Voluntary Genital Ablation. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science.
DOI: 10.1037/a0031122

Van der Meer, Theo (2008). Eugenic and sexual folklores and the castration of sex offenders in the Netherlands (1938-1968). Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci, Vol. 39, pp. 195-204.

van Driel, Mels. (2009). Manhood: The Rise and Fall of the Penis. London: Reaktion Books.

van Eickels, Klaus. (2004). Gendered Violence: Castration and Blinding as Punishment for Treason in Normandy and Anglo-Norman England. Gender & History 16 (3): 588-602.

Vyas, M. D. & Shingala, Yogesh (1987). The Life Style of the Eunuchs. New Delhi: Anmol Publications.

Wang Yongsheng & Chi Sheng (1994) Chinese Eunuchs: Inside Stories of the Chinese Court. Illustrated by Tian Hengyu. Singapore: Asiapac.

Three volumes in comic book format. The original Chinese language version was written at about the junior high reading level. Stories all take the Confucian point of view that all eunuchs are inherently evil.
Book 1: Spring and Autumn Period to Eastern Han Dynasty
Book 2: Tang to Song Dynasty
Book 3: Ming to Qing Dynasty

Wassersug, Richard J. (2009). Passing through the wall: On outings, Exodus, angels, and the ark. Journal of Religion and Health 48 (3): 381-390.

Wassersug, Richard J. (2010). On the invisibiity of the emasculated. Anthropology Today 26 (1): 1-3.

Wassersug, Richard J. and Thomas W. Johnson (2007). Modern Day Eunuchs: Motivations for and Consequences of Contemporary Castration. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 50: 544-56.

Wassersug, Richard J., et al. (2004). New Age Eunuchs: Motivation and Rationale for Voluntary Castration. Archives of Sexual Behavior 33: 433-442.

Wassersug, Richard J. & Gray, Ross (2010). The health and well-being of prostate cancer patients and male-to-female transsexuals on androgen deprivation therapy: A qualitative study with comments on expectations and estrogen. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 16 (1) 39-52.

Wassersug, Richard J. (2012). Embracing a eunuch identity. Tikkun (on-line edition). February 24, 2012. 7pp.

Wassersug, Richard J., McKenna, Emma, & Lieberman, Tucker (2012). Eunuch as a gender identity after castration. Journal of Gender Studies, 18 pp. ms. DOI: 10.1080/09589236.2012.681178

Watanabe, Kazuko. (1999). Seals of Neo-Assyrian Officials. Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East: Papers of the Second Colloquium on the Ancient Near East - The City and its Life; held at the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan (Mitaka, Tokyo). K. Watanabe (ed). Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter: 313-361.

Weinberger, Linda E., et al. (2005). The Impact of Surgical Castration on Sexual Recidivism Risk Among Sexually Violent Predatory Offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 33: 16-36.

Weinberger, Linda E., et al. (2005). The impact of surgical castration on sexual recidivism risk among sexually violent predatory offenders. [/i]Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, [/i]vol. 33, pp. 16-33.

Wille, Reinhard and Klaus M. Beier (1989). Castration in Germany. Annals of Sex Research 2: 103-133.

Willey, Peter (1971). Drugs and Slavery. The Anti-Slavery Reporter and Aborigines’ Friend, Series VI, Vol. 12, No. 4.

Includes a brief discussion of the continued existence of slavery in northern Afghanistan (in 1969-70) and the castration of slave boys, both as sexual partners and as guardians of women.

Wilson, Jean D. & Roehrborn, Claus. (1999). Long-term consequences of castration in men: Lessons from the Skoptzy and the eunuchs of the Chinese and Ottoman courts. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 84, no. 12, pp. 4324-4331.

Wise, Thomas N. & Kalyanam, Ram Chandran (2000). Amputee Fetishism and Genital Mutilation: Case Report and Literature Review. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 26: 339-344.

Witt, Richard. (2002). The Other Castrati. Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond. S. Tougher (ed). Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales: 235-260.

Wolfson, Elliot R. (1997). Eunuchs Who Keep the Sabbath: Becoming Male and the Ascetic Ideal in Thirteenth-Century Jewish Mysticism. Becoming Male in the Middle Ages. J. J. Cohen and B. Wheeler (eds). New York: Garland Publishing: 151-186.

Wong, K. Chimin & Wu Lien-Teh. (1936). Operations [specifically castration]. IN THEIR History of Chinese Medicine: Being a Chronicle of Medical Happenings in China from Ancient Times to the Present Period. Second Edition. Shanghai: National Quarantine Service, pp. 232-235.

Yamamoto, Midori V., et al. (2006). Language of Emasculation: Implications to Cancer Patients, Dalhousie University, Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology: (unpublished ms.) 35 pp.

Yu, Huanqing. (2011). Eunuch in Chinese history and the eunuch system (中国历史上的 宦官与宦官制度). Powerpoint speech delivered in Germany – date & place unspecified. http://211.144.139.227/portal/pubinfo/115001/20110617/9109b1beb1d7467ab28b55745e77b6d7.html

.

[Jesus]

Eunuchs in Fiction

Al-Mohaimeed, Yousef. (2007). Wolves of the Crescent Moon (a novel). New York: Penguin Books.

Amis, Kingsley. (1976). The Alteration (a novel). New York: Viking Press.

Bray, Errol (1980). The Choir: A Play. Hobart, Australia: Australian Script Centre.

The orphanage boys’ choir has won the interstate competition 3 years in a row. Miss Lawson (never seen) wants to win it again. She has the boy sopranos castrated so that their voices will remain high, pure and beautiful…

Curtiss, Huston. (2003). Sins of the 7th Sister: A Novel Based on a True Story of the Gothic South. New York: Harmony Books.

The first printing – shredded by the publisher – had the subtitle “A Memoir.” Parts of the book are definitely history, parts fiction. Which is which is impossible to separate. One of the major characters is Stella Fancler, born Stanley Black, but castrated at age 10 (in 1923) by order of the court after he killed his abusive father. Stanley/Stella took up singing and later performed as female. There are several discussions of castration, both animal and human, but the critical one is on pp. 21-22 – while showing Stanley his room in the loft of the horse barn:

“But won’t you be afraid here in the barn, all by yourself?”

“It would be nice to be by myself. I never have been. Until my mother died, we lived, seven of us, in a space half this size.”

“I had no heard you had brothers and sisters.”

“Oh yes. My little brother Tubby, a woman came in a Model T and took him the first day – after – after – he was cute. And my two sisters were eight and nine. A woman came and said she was our cousin and took them. I don’t think she was – she was black. My brother Elmer went into the navy the day he was fifteen, that was the day my father beat him up and threw him out the door. I forgot about the time I was in the county hospital. I had a room to myself for two days.”

“When you were in the hospital?”

“Right after they did the inquest. They did to me what you do to the horses – the geldings.”

“My mother stopped rocking and shoved the chair back until it hit the wall. “You mean they castrated you? Those sons of bitches!”

“Judge Brown said I could go to prison with the other killers, or reform school. He said they were tough on pretty boys there. Or I could get fixed so it took the killer out of me, and go to the orphanage until I was sixteen. But no one would adopt me – who wants someone who killed his father? Even if the father had choked the mother to death and was lying on her dead body. And I didn’t say I killed him.”

“I don’t want you ever to tell me whether you killed him or not. I’ll tell you one thing, if I had been there, I would have killed him. And I’m not sure I may not just go into town and kill Judge Brown.”

Goldman, Lawrence Louis. (1973). The Castrato: A Novel. New York: John Day.

Goodwin, Jason. (2006). The Janissary Tree: A Novel. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Harris, Christopher. (2002). Memoirs of a Byzantine Eunuch (a novel). Sawtry, Cambridgeshire, UK: Daedalus.

Jewett, Charlie. (2000). Blood Brothers (a novel). Atlanta: Misty Mountain Books. 373 pp.

Jewett, Charlie. (2002). The Commitment (a novel). n.p.: 1st Books.

Jewett, Charlie. (2003). Some Through the Fire (a novel). Baltimore, MD: PublishAmerica.

Levine, James A. (2010). The Blue Notebook: A Novel. New York: Spiegel & Grau.

The “autobiographical” writings of a teenage prostitute in Calcutta. One of the characters is “Puneet,” a young boy who is castrated so that puberty will not diminish his value as a prostitute.

Lieberman, Tucker. (2002). The Insatiable Adventures of the Eunuch Monks of Krat. Xlibris.

Lustgarten, Len. (2007). Eunuch: A Novel. New York: iUniverse.

Mossanen, Dora Levy. (2002). Harem: A Novel. New York: Scribner.

Reed, Mary & Eric Mayer. (2000 - ?). John the Eunuch series of mystery novels. Scottsdale, AZ: Poisoned Pen Press.

This is an on-going series of novels set in 6th century Byzantium. The central character is John the Eunuch, chamberlain to the Emperor Justinian. Already published are

One for Sorrow (2000)
Two for Joy (2000)
Three for a Letter (2001)
Four for a Boy (2005)
Five for Silver (2004)
Six for Gold (2005)
Seven for a Secret (2008)

Renault, Mary. (1972). The Persian Boy. London: Longman, Green and Co. (frequently reprinted)

Rice, Anne. (1982). Cry to Heaven (a novel). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Sanchez, J. Wolf. (2005). The Last Castrato [fiction], n.p.: I.M. Wolf.

Smith, Wilbur. (1993). River God. London: Macmillan

Wizner, Jake. (2009). Castration Celebration (a novel). New York: Random House.

A YOUNG ADULT novel about a group of high school students creating a musical with the title “Castration Celebration.” No castration involved, but it opens with the heroine/writer sitting in a courtyard typing a list of genital-based rhymes on her laptop: “menstruation, masturbation, elongation, lubrication, penetration, stimulation, fornication, copulation, urination, ejaculation, insemination.” It ends with the concluding lines of her play:
BIFF: “I’d fuck a sheep before I’d fuck another guy.”
SLUGGO: “I know you would, Biff. I know you would.”
(Curtain)

[Jesus]

Eunuchs in Film

The Conqueror [Zhengfuzhe] (1995)

Roughly based on Chinese history. Set at the end of the 1796-1804 White Lotus Rebellion against the Manchu/Qing Dynasty of China. The last rebel town is captured. Over 1000 fighting age men are executed by decapitation. All of the boys ages 8 through 15 are castrated. The women and the weak and aged (as well as the young boys) are sent into exile with instructions that all boys are to be castrated as soon as they reach 8 years old, as are to be any boys born to the exiled women. The goal is to completely exterminate the rebel group. The only survivor among the exiles is one woman who escapes and then gives birth to a son. The final line of the film is, “No historical records remain of Xiumei and her son. Her descendants may be living in our midst.” Mandarin, with English subtitles.

American Eunuchs (2003)

A very exploitative documentary. Shows both Dr. Felix Spector and “Gelding” on screen. See the comments of Archive members at
http://www.eunuch.org/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=5287

Eunuchs (2007)

A very good documentary with sympathetic portrayals of the individuals involved. Produced for television Channel 4 in the UK and not yet broadcast in the U.S. or Canada. Both Homptydumpty and Thefraj, who were formerly quite active on the Archive, figure prominently in this documentary. See comments at
http://www.eunuch.org/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=10715

Eunuchs in Qing Imperial Palace (清宮太監). From the series This is Beijing. 4 illustrated lectures (though mostly talking heads). In Chinese, with English subtitles. Published by People’s University of China.

Farinelli (1994)

A very fictionalized biography of the famous castrato. Nominated for an Academy Award as best foreign film. My favorite review of it is very brief: “Good yarn, great music, rotten history.”

Forbidden Imperial Tales (嫁到宮裡的男人). 1990. Chinese subtitles.
Set at the end of the Qing Dynasty, a young man becomes a eunuch to pursue a girl into the palace. Did not understand what “cleansing the body” meant until it was too late. Poor plot, poor acting.

King & I [Wang gwa Na] 2007-2008

South Korean historical drama aired in 66 one-hour episodes that revolve around the life of Kim Cheo Seon, the most famous eunuch in Korean history. Released on 21 DVD disks with English sub-titles.

Lai-Shi: The Last Eunuch in China [ Zhong Guo zui hou yi ge tai jian] 1988

90 minutes with some of the most strangely translated subtitles ever. Loosely based on the life of Sun Yaoting (1902-1996). See his biography written by Jia Yinhua listed above. Mandarin with "English" subtitles.

Royal Tramp [Lu ding ji] 2008

A Chinese TV series of 50 – 45-minute episodes based on a very popular novel by Jin Yong (AKA Louis Cha), “The Deer and the Cauldron” (which is the original Chinese title for the TV series.). The story revolves around a boy who is kidnapped into the Imperial Palace and impersonates a eunuch. He befriends the young emperor-to-be and rises to power. Set in the Qing Dynasty. 5 DVDs in Mandarin with English & Simplified Chinese subtitles.

[Jesus]

Castration-related publications

Adams, Josh. (2009). Bodies of Change: A comparative analysis of media representations of body modification practices Sociological Perspectives, 52 (1): 103-129.

Anderson, Eric & Rhidian McGuire. (2010). Inclusive Masculinity Theory and the Gendered Politics of Men’s Rugby. Journal of Gender Studies, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 249-261.

Angulo, Javier C. & Garcia-Diez, Marcos (2009). Male Genital Representation in Paleolithic Art: Erection and Circumcision Before History. Urology 74(1): 10-14.

Archer, John (2009). Does sexual selection explain human sex differences in aggression? [with extensive peer review]. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol. 32, pp. 249–311.

Atkinson, Michael. (2004). Tattooing and Civilizing Processes: Body Modification as Self-control. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 41 (2): 125-146.

Bancroft, J. (2005). The Endocrinology of Sexual Arousal. Journal of Endocrinology 186: 411-427.

Barnes, Rachel (2011). The Bizarre Request for Amputation. International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, Vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1-4.

Beltz, Adriene M., Swanson, Jane L., & Berenbaum, Sheri A. (2011). Gendered occupational interests: Prenatal androgen effects on psychological orientation to Things versus People. Hormones and Behavior, (pre-publication copy).

Bergelson, Vera. (2006). The Right to Be Hurt: testing the Boundaries of Consent. George Washington Law Review 75.

Betzig, Laura (2010). The End of the Republic. Chapter 7 in Mind the Gap: Tracing the Origins of Human Universals, ed. by Peter M. Kappeler & Joan B. Silk. Berlin: Springer Verlag, pp. 153-168.

Betzig, Laura (2012). Means, variances, and ranges in reproductive success: comparative evidence. Evolution and Human Behavior, vol. 33, pp. 309-317.

Bogaert, Anthony F. & Herschberger, Scott. (1999). The relation between sexual orientation and penile size. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 28 (3): 213-221.

Bogaert, Anthony F. (2006). Toward a Conceptual Understanding of Asexuality. Review of General Psychology, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 241-250.

Bogaert, Anthony F. (2007). Extreme Right-Handedness, Older Brothers, and Sexual Orientation in Men. Neuropsychology, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 141-148.

Brennan, David. J., et al. (2007). History of Childhood Sexual Abuse and HIV Risk Behaviors in Homosexual and Bisexual Men. American Journal of Public Health 97(6): 1107-1112.

Brickman, Barbara Jane. (2004). 'Delicate' Cutters: Gendered Self-mutilation and Attractive Flesh in Medical Discourse. Body & Society, 10 (4): 87-111.

Brinkmann, Lisa; Schuetzmann, Karsten; & Richter-Appelt, Hertha. (2007). Gender assignment and medical history of individuals with different forms of intersexuality: Evaluation of medical records and the patients’ perspective. Journal of Sexual Medicine, vol. 4, pp 964-980.

Brotto, Lori A., et al. (2010). Asexuality: A Mixed-Methods Approach. Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol. 39, pp. 599-618.

Cantor, James M., et al. (2005). Handedness in Pedophilia and Hebephilia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 447-459.

Chapman, Alexander L., Gratz, Kim L., & Brown, Milton Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behavior Research and Therapy, vol. 44, pp. 371-394.

Chubak, Barbara (2008). Impotence and Suing for Sex in Eighteenth-Century England. Journal of Urology, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 480-484.

Clark, Sharri R. (2003). Representing the Indus Body: Sex, Gender, Sexuality, and the Anthropomorphic Terracotta Figurines from Harappa. Asian Perspectives, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 304-328.

Clark, Sharri R. (2009). Material Matters: Representation and Materiality of the Harappan Body. Journal of Archaeological Method & Theory, vol. 16, pp. 231-261.

Cohen-Kettenis, P.T. & Gooren, L.J.G. (1999). Transsexualism: A Review of Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 46 (4): 315-333.

Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T., et al. (2011). Puberty Suppression in a Gender-Dysphoric Adolescent: A 22-Year Follow-Up. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 5 pp. DOI: 10.1007/s10508-011-9758-9.

Cooke, Bradley M. & Woolley, Catherine S. (2009). Effects of prepubertal gonadectomy on a male-typical behavior and excitatory synaptic transmission in the amygdala. Developmental Neurobiology. (pre-publication copy)

Crossley, Nick. (2005). Mapping Reflexive Body Techniques: On Body Modification and Maintenance. Body & Society, 11 (1): 1-35.

Dabbs, James McBride. (2000). Heroes, Rogues, and Lovers: Testosterone and Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Denness, Brian. (2005). Tattooing and Piercing: Initiation Rites and Masculine Development. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 22 (1): 21-36.

Devor, Aaron H. (1996). How Many Sexes? How Many Genders? When Two Are Not Enough. Provost’s Lecture. University of Victoria.

Diamond, Lisa M. (2003). What Does Sexual Orientation Orient? A Biobehavioral Model Distinguishing Romantic Love and Sexual Desire. Psychological Review, vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 173-192.

Diamond, Lisa M. (2008). Female Bisexuality From Adolescence to Adulthood: Results From a 10-Year Longitudinal Study. Developmental Psychology, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 5-14.

Diamond, Milton. (2009). Pornography, Public Acceptance and Sex Related Crime: A Review. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32: 304-314.

Diamond, Milton. (2011). Developmental, Sexual and Reproductive Neuroendocrinology: Historical, Clinical and Ethical Considerations. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 255-263.

Diamond, Milton & Uchiyama, Ayako. (1999). Pornography, Rape and Sex Crimes in Japan. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 22, (1): 1-22.

Dorfman, Ralph I. & Shipley, Reginald A. (1956). Androgens: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Clinical Significance. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Dozier, Raine. (2005). Beards, Breasts, and Bodies: Doing sex in a gendered world. Gender & Society, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 297-316.

Drescher, Jack. (2010). Queer Diagnoses: Parallels and Contrasts in the History of Homosexuality, Gender Variance, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Archives of Sexual Behavior. [in press]

Eisenegger, Christoph, Haushofer, Johannes, & Fehr, Ernst (2011). The Role of Testosterone in Social Interaction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 263-271.

Ellis, Lee; Das, Shyamal; & Buker, Hasan. (2007). Androgen-promoted physiological traits and criminality: A test of the evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory. Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 701-711.

Ellis, Lee. (2011). Evolutionary Neuroandrogenic Theory and Universal Gender Differences in Cognition and Behavior. Sex Roles, vol. 64, pp. 707-722.

Eke, N. (2000). Genital self-mutilation: There is no method in this madness. BJU International, 85: 295-298.

Feder, Ellen. K. and Katruba. Karkazis (2008). What's in a Name? The Controversy over "Disorders of Sex Development". Hastings Center Report (Sept.-Oct. 2008): 33-36.

Ferlin, Alberto, et al. (2011). Bone Mass in Subjects with Klinefelter Syndrome: Role of Testosterone Levels and Androgen Receptor Gene CAG Polymorphism. Journal of Clinical Endorinological Metabolism, vol. 96, no. 4, pp. E739-E745.

First, Michael. B. & Fisher, Carl Erik (2010). Proposal for Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID) to be Included in DSM-V, Columbia University, Dept. of Psychiatry: (unpublished ms.) 26 pp.

Gomes, Ana Luisa Quinta & Pedro Nobre. (2010). Personality Traits and Psychopathology on Male Sexual Dysfunction: An Empirical Study. Journal of Sexual Medicine, vol. 8, pp. 461-469.

Greenberg, Aaron S. & J. Michael Bailey. (2001). Parental Selection of Children’s Sexual Orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 423-437.

Hackett, G. I. (2010). The clinical importance of testosterone in men with type 2 diabetes. Trends in Urology & Men’s Health, October/November, pp. 22-26.

Hale, C. Jacob. (2007). Ethical Problems with the Mental Health Evaluation Standards of Care for Adult Gender Variant Propsective Patients. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 50(no. 4): 491-505.

Hull, Terence H. & Budiharsana, Meiwita (2001). Male Circumcision and Penis Enhancement in Southeast Asia: Matters of Pain and Pleasure. Reproductive Health Matters 9(18): 60-67.

Janis, Irene Bell & Matthew K. Nock. (2009). Are self-injurers impulsive? Results from two behavior laboratory studies. Psychiatry Research 169: 261-267.

Jeffreys, Sheila. (2000). 'Body Art' and Social Status: Cutting, Tattooing and Piercing from a Feminist Perspective. Feminism & Psychology 10(4): 409-429.

Josephs, Robert A., et al. (2006). The Mismatch Effect: When Testosterone and Status Are at Odds. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 90, no. 6, pp. 999-1013.

Kemper, Theodore D. (1990). Social Structure and Testosterone: Explorations of the Socio-Bio-Social Chain. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 271 pp.

Kinnish, Kelly K., et al. (2005). Sex Differences in the Flexibility of Sexual Orientation: A Multidimensional Retrospective Assessment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 173-183.

Lawrence, Anne A. & Zucker, Kenneth J. (2008). Gender Identity Disorders. IN: Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis, ed. by M. Hersen & D.C. Beidel. (Sixth Edition). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 601-635.

Lombardo, Michael V., et al. (2012). Fetal Testosterone Influences Sexually Dimorphic Gray Matter in the Human Brain. The Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 674-680.

Lürzel, Stephanie; Kaiser, Sylvia; Kroger, Christine: & Sachser, Norbert (2011). Inhibiting influence of testosterone on stress responsiveness during adolescence. Hormones and Behavior, Vol. 60, pp. 691-698.

Marshall, W.L. & Kennedy, Pamela. (2003). Sexual sadism in sexual offenders: An elusive diagnosis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 8: 1-22.

Mazur, Allan & Alan Booth. (1998). Testosterone and dominance in men. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21: 353-397.

Mercadillo, Roberto E., et al. (2011). Perception of suffering and compassion experience: Brain gender disparities. Brain and Cognition, vol. 76, pp. 5-14.

Meyerowitz, Joanne. (2000). How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Miller, Geoffrey. P. (2002). Circumcision: Cultural-Legal Analysis. Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law 9: 497-585.

Moore, Timothy O. (2001). Testosterone and Male Behavior: Empirical Research with Hamsters Does Not Support the Use of Castration to Deter Human Sexual Aggression. North American Journal of Psychology, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 503-520.

Murphy, Kevin P. & Jennifer M. Spear (2010). Historicising sexuality and gender. Gender & History, vol. 22 (3): 527-537.

Myers, James (1992). Nonmainstream Body Modification: Genital Piercing, Branding, Burning, and Cutting. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, vol. 21, pp. 267–305.

Pitts, Victoria. (2000). Visibly Queer: Body Technologies and Sexual Politics. The Sociological Quarterly, 41 (3): 443-463.

Prause, Nicole & Graham, Cynthia A. (2007). Asexuality: Classification and Characterization. Archives of Sexual Behavior, vol. 36, pp. 341-356.

Rabinowitz, Rabbi Mayer E. (2003). Status of Transsexuals. Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Rabbinical Assembly.
www.rabbincalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/20012004/rabinowitz_transsexuals.pdf
accessed: August 25, 2010.

Rahman, Qazi & Wilson, Glenn D. (2003). Born Gay? The psychobiology of human sexual orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 34: 1337-1382.

Roberti, Jonathan W., Storch, Eric A. & Bravata, Erica A. (2004). Sensation seeking, exposure to psychosocial stressors, and body modifications in a college population. Personality and Individual Differences, 37: 1167-1177.

Saylor, Philip J. & Matthew R. Smith. (2009). Metabolic Complications of Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer. Journal of Urology 181: 1998-2008.

Schönbucher, Verena B., et al. (2008). Psychosexual development of children and adolescents with hypospadias. Journal of Sexual Medicine, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1365-1373.

Shaw, Liz, et al. (2012). Guidelines and Literature Review for Psychologists Working Therapeutically with Sexual and Gender Minority Clients. The British Psychological Society – Professional Practice Board. 98 pp.

Stanton, Steven J., Liening, Scott H., & Schultheiss, Oliver C. (2011). Testosterone is positively associated with risk taking in the Iowa Gambling Task. Hormones and Behavior, vol. 59, pp. 252-256.

Stirn, Aglaja (2004). Piercing – Risiken, Folgen und psychologische Hintergründe eines kulturellen Phänomens (Body Piercing: risks, consequences and psychological background). Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft, 3 (2): 175-180. Sullivan, Nikki. (2005). Integrity, Mayhem, and the Question of Self-demand Amputation. Continuum: Journal of Media & Culture Studies 19 (3): 325-333

Sullivan, Nikki. (2007). "The Price to Pay for our Common Good": Genital Modification and the Somatechnologies of Cultural (In)Difference. Social Semiotics 17 (3): 395-409.

Sullivan, Nikki. (2008). The Role of Medicine in the (Trans)Formation of 'Wrong' Bodies. Body & Society 14 (1): 103-114.

Swaab, Dick F., (2007). Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and Behavior. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 21 (3): 431-444.[/color]

ABSTRACT: During the intrauterine period the human brain develops in the male direction via direct action of a boy’s testosterone, and in the female direction through the absence of this hormone in a girl. During this time, gender identity (the feeling of being a man or a woman), sexual orientation, and other behaviors are programmed. As sexual differentiation of the genitals takes places in the first 2 months of pregnancy, and sexual differentiation of the brain starts during the second half of pregnancy, these two processes may be influenced independently of each other, resulting in transsexuality. This also means that in the case of an ambiguous gender at birth, the degree of masculinization of the genitals may not reflect the same degree of masculinization of the brain. Differences in brain structures and brain functions have been found that are related to sexual orientation and gender.

Swaab, Dick F. & Garcia-Falgueras, Alicia. (2009). Sexual differentiation of the human brain in relation to gender identity and sexual orientation. Functional Neurology, 24 (1): 17-28.

Traish, Abdulmaged M. & Guay, André (2006). Are Androgens Critical for Penile Erections in Humans? Examining the Clinical and Preclinical Evidence. Journal of Sexual Medicine, vol. 3, pp. 382-407.

VanderLaan, Doug P., et al. (2012). Offspring Production among the Extended Relatives of Samoan Men at Fa’afafine. PLoS ONE, Vol. 7, No. 4, e36088, 6 pp.

Wall, David & Kristjanson, Linda (2005). Men, culture and hegemonic masculinity: Understanding the experience of prostate cancer. Nursing Inquiry, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 87-97.

Ward, Ivan. (2003). Castration. Cambridge, UK: Icon Books.

On Freud’s idea of the castration complex in psychiatry.

Willer, Robb, et al. (2012). Overdoing Gender: A Test of the Masculine Overcompensation Thesis. American Journal of Sociology (accepted 6/2012). 72 ms. pages.

Woohlrab, Silke, et al. (2006). Modifying the body: Motivations for getting tattooed and pierced. Body Image 4: 87-95


.